Preface
欢迎来到 R Packages 的第二版！如果您熟悉第一版，本前言描述了主要变化，以便您可以将阅读重点放在新领域。
此版本有几个主要目标：
更新以反映 devtools 包中的变化，特别是它 “conscious uncoupling” 成一组更小、更集中的包。
扩大工作流程和流程的覆盖范围，同时展示构成 R 包的所有重要移动部件。
涵盖全新主题，例如 package websites 和 GitHub Actions。
所有内容均已完全修改和更新。许多章节都是新增或重新组织的，其中一些章节已被删除：
新的 Chapter 1，“The Whole Game”，预览了整个 package 的开发过程。
新的 Chapter 2，“System setup”，是从之前的简介中删除的，并获得了更多详细信息。
以前称为 “Package structure” 的章节已扩展并分为两章，一章介绍包结构和状态（Chapter 3），另一章介绍工作流程和工具（Chapter 4）。
新的 Chapter 5，“The package within”，演示了如何从数据分析脚本中提取可重用逻辑并将其放入 package 中。
Chapter 6，“R code” 中的 “Organising your functions” 和 “Code style” 部分已被删除，取而代之的是在线风格指南，https://style.tidyverse.org/。该样式指南与新的 styler 包 (Müller and Walthert 2018) 配对，可以自动应用许多规则。
测试的覆盖范围已扩展为三章：Chapter 13 为 testing basics，Chapter 14 为 test suite design，Chapter 15 为 various advanced topics。
围绕
NAMESPACE文件和依赖关系的材料已重新组织为两章：Chapter 10 提供了思考依赖关系的技术背景，Chapter 11 提供了在不同设置中使用不同类型依赖关系的实践说明。新的 Chapter 12，“Licensing”，将之前有关许可的内容扩展为自己的章节。
关于 C/C++ 的章节已被删除。它没有足够的信息来发挥作用，自本书第一版以来，出现了其他更好的学习资源。
“Other components” 一章已被删除。
关于 Git/GitHub 的章节已围绕软件开发实践这一更一般的主题进行了重新构建（Chapter 20）。这不再包括基本任务的分步说明。自第一版以来，Git/GitHub 的使用呈爆炸式增长，伴随着 R 通用和特定学习资源的爆炸式增长（e.g. the website Happy Git and GitHub for the useR）。 Git/GitHub 仍然在整本书中占据突出地位，尤其是在 Chapter 20。
非常短的
inst章节已合并到 Chapter 8 中，所有其他目录在特定情景中可能很重要，但并非对所有包都至关重要。
Acknowledgments
自 R Packages 第一版发布以来，支持此处描述的工作流程的包已经经历了广泛的开发。最初的 devtools、roxygen2 和 testthat 三重奏已扩展为包括由 devtools 的 “conscious uncoupling” 创建的包，如 Section 2.2 所述。这些软件包大多数源自 Hadley Wickham (HW)，因为它们源于 devtools。还有许多其他重要的贡献者，其中许多人现在担任维护者：
- devtools: HW, Winston Chang, Jim Hester (maintainer, >= v1.13.5), Jennifer Bryan (maintainer >= v2.4.3)
- usethis: HW, Jennifer Bryan (maintainer >= v1.5.0), Malcolm Barrett
- roxygen2: HW (maintainer), Peter Danenburg, Manuel Eugster
- testthat: HW (maintainer)
- desc: Gábor Csárdi (maintainer), Kirill Müller, Jim Hester
- pkgbuild: HW, Jim Hester, Gábor Csárdi (maintainer >= v1.2.1)
- pkgload: HW, Jim Hester, Winston Chang, Lionel Henry (maintainer >= v1.2.4)
- rcmdcheck: Gábor Csárdi (maintainer)
- remotes: HW, Jim Hester, Gábor Csárdi (maintainer), Winston Chang, Martin Morgan, Dan Tenenbaum
- revdepcheck: HW, Gábor Csárdi (maintainer)
- sessioninfo: HW, Gábor Csárdi (maintainer), Winston Chang, Robert Flight, Kirill Müller, Jim Hester
这本书是 written and revised in the open，它确实是社区的努力：许多人阅读草稿，修复拼写错误，提出改进建议并贡献内容。如果没有这些贡献者，这本书就不会这么好，我们非常感谢他们的帮助。我们感谢 Posit 的同事，尤其是 tidyverse 团队，他们一直热衷于讨论包开发实践。本书得到了极大的改进，在我们出色的技术审稿团队的建议下：Malcolm Barrett、Laura DeCicco、Zhian Kamvar、Tom Mock 和 Maëlle Salmon。
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#> ℹ Specify the column types or set `show_col_types = FALSE` to quiet this message.Thanks to all contributors the the first and second editions (in alphabetical order by GitHub username):
@aaelony, @aaronwolen (Aaron Wolen), @ablejec (Andrej Blejec), @adamcduncan (Adam Duncan), @adessy, @adrtod (Adrien Todeschini), @aghaynes (Alan Haynes), @agrueneberg (Alexander Grueneberg), @alejandrohagan (Alejandro Hagan), @alesantuz (Ale Santuz), @alexandrehsd (Alexandre Henrique), @alexholcombe (Alex O. Holcombe), @alexpghayes (alex hayes), @alforj (Justin Alford), @almartin82 (Andrew Martin), @aluxh (Alex Ho), @AmelZulji, @andreaphsz (Andrea Cantieni), @andrewdolman (Andrew Dolman), @andrewpbray (Andrew Bray), @AndrewsOR (John Andrews), @andycraig (Andrew Craig), @angela-li (Angela Li), @anjalisilva (Anjali Silva), @apomatix (Brad Friedman), @apreshill (Alison Presmanes Hill), @arashHaratian (Arash), @arilamstein (Ari Lamstein), @arneschillert (Arne Schillert), @arni-magnusson (Arni Magnusson), @asadow (Adam Sadowski), @ateucher (Andy Teucher), @avisser (Andy Visser), @ayormark (Adam Yormark), @azzaea (Azza Ahmed), @batpigandme (Mara Averick), @bclipp (Brian L), @beevabeeva, @behrman (Bill Behrman), @benmarwick (Ben Marwick), @BernhardKonrad (Bernhard Konrad), @bgreenwell (Brandon Greenwell), @Bisaloo (Hugo Gruson), @bklamer (Brett Klamer), @bm5tev3, @bms63 (Ben Straub), @bpbond (Ben Bond-Lamberty), @bquast (Bastiaan Quast), @Br-Johnson (Brett Johnson), @brews (Brewster Malevich), @brianrice2 (Brian Rice), @brry (Berry Boessenkool), @btruel, @calligross (Calli), @carldotac (Carl Lieberman), @carloscinelli (Carlos Cinelli), @CDCookJr, @cderv (Christophe Dervieux), @chambm (Matt Chambers), @charliejhadley (Charlie Joey Hadley), @chezou (Aki Ariga), @chsafouane (Safouane Chergui), @clente (Caio Lente), @cmarmstrong, @cooknl (CAPN), @CorradoLanera (Corrado Lanera), @craigcitro (Craig Citro), @crtahlin (Crt Ahlin), @daattali (Dean Attali), @danhalligan (Dan Halligan), @daroczig (Gergely Daróczi), @datarttu (Arttu Kosonen), @davidkane9 (David Kane), @DavisVaughan (Davis Vaughan), @deanbodenham, @dfalbel (Daniel Falbel), @dgrtwo (David Robinson), @dholstius (David Holstius), @DickStartz, @dkgaraujo (Douglas K. 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Smith), @sn248 (Satyaprakash Nayak), @sowla (Praer (Suthira) Owlarn), @srushe (Stephen Rushe), @statnmap (Sébastien Rochette), @steenharsted (Steen Harsted), @stefaneng (Stefan Eng), @stefanherzog (Stefan Herzog), @stephen-frank (Stephen Frank), @stephenll (Stephen Lienhard), @stephenturner (Stephen Turner), @stevenprimeaux (Steven Primeaux), @stevensbr, @stewid (Stefan Widgren), @sunbeomk (Sunbeom Kwon), @superdesolator (Po Su), @syclik (Daniel Lee), @symbolrush (Adrian Stämpfli-Schmid), @taekyunk (Taekyun Kim), @talgalili (Tal Galili), @tanho63 (Tan Ho), @tbrugz (Telmo Brugnara), @thisisnic (Nic Crane), @TimHesterberg (Tim Hesterberg), @titaniumtroop (Nathan), @tjebo, @tklebel (Thomas Klebel), @tmstauss (Tanner Stauss), @tonybreyal (Tony Breyal), @tonyfischetti (Tony Fischetti), @TonyLadson (Tony Ladson), @trickytank (Rick Tankard), @TroyVan, @uribo (Shinya Uryu), @urmils, @valeonte, @vgonzenbach (Virgilio Gonzenbach), @vladpetyuk (Vlad Petyuk), @vnijs (Vincent Nijs), @vspinu (Vitalie Spinu), @wcarlsen (Willi Carlsen), @wch (Winston Chang), @wenjie2wang (Wenjie Wang), @werkstattcodes, @wiaidp, @wibeasley (Will Beasley), @wilkinson (Sean Wilkinson), @williamlief (Lief Esbenshade), @winterschlaefer (Christof Winter), @wlamnz (William Lam), @wrathematics (Drew Schmidt), @XiangyunHuang (Xiangyun Huang), @xiaochi-liu (Xiaochi), @XiaoqiLu (Xiaoqi Lu), @xiaosongz (Xiaosong Zhang), @yihui (Yihui Xie), @ynsec37, @yonicd, @ysdgroot, @yui-knk (Yuichiro Kaneko), @Zedseayou (Calum You), @zeehio (Sergio Oller), @zekiakyol (Zeki Akyol), @zenggyu (Guangyu Zeng), @zhaoy, @zhilongjia (Zhilong), @zhixunwang, @zkamvar (Zhian N. Kamvar), @zouter (Wouter Saelens).
Conventions
在本书中，我们用 fun() 来引用函数，用 var 来引用变量和函数参数，用 path/ 来引用路径。
较大的代码块混合输入和输出。输出带有注释，因此如果您有本书的电子版本，例如 https://r-pkgs.org，您可以轻松地将示例复制并粘贴到 R 中。输出注释看起来像 #> 以将其与常规注释区分开。
Colophon
本书是使用 RStudio 中的 Quarto 编写的。该 website 由 Netlify 托管，并在每次 GitHub 操作提交后自动更新。完整的源代码可以从 GitHub 获取。
本书的这个版本是用以下内容构建的：
library(devtools)
#> Warning: package 'devtools' was built under R version 4.2.3
#> Loading required package: usethis
#> Warning: package 'usethis' was built under R version 4.2.3
library(roxygen2)
#> Warning: package 'roxygen2' was built under R version 4.2.3
library(testthat)
#> Warning: package 'testthat' was built under R version 4.2.3
#>
#> Attaching package: 'testthat'
#> The following object is masked from 'package:devtools':
#>
#> test_file
#> The following object is masked from 'package:dplyr':
#>
#> matches
#> The following object is masked from 'package:purrr':
#>
#> is_null
#> The following objects are masked from 'package:readr':
#>
#> edition_get, local_edition
#> The following object is masked from 'package:tidyr':
#>
#> matches
devtools::session_info()
#> ─ Session info ───────────────────────────────────────────────────
#> setting value
#> version R version 4.2.0 (2022-04-22 ucrt)
#> os Windows 10 x64 (build 22621)
#> system x86_64, mingw32
#> ui RTerm
#> language (EN)
#> collate Chinese (Simplified)_China.utf8
#> ctype Chinese (Simplified)_China.utf8
#> tz Asia/Taipei
#> date 2023-06-30
#> pandoc 2.19.2 @ D:/1.study/RStudio/resources/app/bin/quarto/bin/tools/ (via rmarkdown)
#>
#> ─ Packages ───────────────────────────────────────────────────────
#> package * version date (UTC) lib source
#> bit 4.0.5 2022-11-15 [1] CRAN (R 4.2.3)
#> bit64 4.0.5 2020-08-30 [1] CRAN (R 4.2.1)
#> brio 1.1.3 2021-11-30 [1] CRAN (R 4.2.0)
#> cachem 1.0.8 2023-05-01 [1] CRAN (R 4.2.3)
#> callr 3.7.3 2022-11-02 [1] CRAN (R 4.2.2)
#> cli 3.6.1 2023-03-23 [1] CRAN (R 4.2.3)
#> colorspace 2.1-0 2023-01-23 [1] CRAN (R 4.2.3)
#> crayon 1.5.2 2022-09-29 [1] CRAN (R 4.2.1)
#> devtools * 2.4.5 2022-10-11 [1] CRAN (R 4.2.3)
#> digest 0.6.29 2021-12-01 [1] CRAN (R 4.2.0)
#> dplyr * 1.1.2 2023-04-20 [1] CRAN (R 4.2.3)
#> ellipsis 0.3.2 2021-04-29 [1] CRAN (R 4.2.0)
#> evaluate 0.21 2023-05-05 [1] CRAN (R 4.2.3)
#> fansi 1.0.4 2023-01-22 [1] CRAN (R 4.2.3)
#> fastmap 1.1.1 2023-02-24 [1] CRAN (R 4.2.3)
#> forcats * 1.0.0 2023-01-29 [1] CRAN (R 4.2.3)
#> fs 1.6.2 2023-04-25 [1] CRAN (R 4.2.3)
#> generics 0.1.3 2022-07-05 [1] CRAN (R 4.2.0)
#> ggplot2 * 3.4.2 2023-04-03 [1] CRAN (R 4.2.3)
#> glue 1.6.2 2022-02-24 [1] CRAN (R 4.2.0)
#> gtable 0.3.3 2023-03-21 [1] CRAN (R 4.2.3)
#> hms 1.1.3 2023-03-21 [1] CRAN (R 4.2.3)
#> htmltools 0.5.4 2022-12-07 [1] CRAN (R 4.2.2)
#> htmlwidgets 1.6.2 2023-03-17 [1] CRAN (R 4.2.3)
#> httpuv 1.6.11 2023-05-11 [1] CRAN (R 4.2.3)
#> jsonlite 1.8.5 2023-06-05 [1] CRAN (R 4.2.3)
#> knitr 1.43 2023-05-25 [1] CRAN (R 4.2.3)
#> later 1.3.1 2023-05-02 [1] CRAN (R 4.2.3)
#> lifecycle 1.0.3 2022-10-07 [1] CRAN (R 4.2.1)
#> lubridate * 1.9.2 2023-02-10 [1] CRAN (R 4.2.3)
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